Application Of Microcontroller In Instrumentation Information Technology Essay

Application Of Micro ascendence In Instrumentation In turnation Technology EssayAmicro checkeris a sm each computer on a singleintegrated setconsisting internally of a relatively simple mainframe computer,clock, timers, I/O demeanors, and memory. program memory in form of NOR flashor ROMis besides often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Micro learnlers are designed for small or dedicated applications. Thus, in contrast to themicroprocessorsused in personal computersand opposite high-performance or general purpose applications, simplicity is emphasized. both(prenominal) microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate atclock ratefrequencies as low as 4kHz as this is adequate for many typical applications, enabling low baron con sumption. They go away generally commence the ability to retain functionality while wait for an event such(prenominal) as a button press or other interrupt index number consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and or s o peripherals off) may be just nano watts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog comp unitynts unavoidable to control non-digital electronic systems.INTRODUCTIONEmbedded designA microcontroller fag end be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and cigarette be used with an embed system.The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for co mputer systems. These are calledembedded systems. While or so embedded systems are very sophisticated, many find minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software Gordianity.ProgramsMicrocontroller programs moldiness fit in the available on-chip program memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable, memory. Compilers and assembler are used to turn high- take lyric and assembler language codes into a compactmachine codefor storage in the microcontrollers memory. Depending on the device, the program memory may be unceasing, read- entirely memory that can precisely be programmed at the factory, or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory.Other microcontroller featuresMany embedded systems motif to read sensors that produce analog signals. This is the purpose of theanalog-to-digital converter(ADC). Since processors are strengthened to interpret and process digital info, i.e. 1s and 0s, they wont be able to do anything with the analog signals that may be sent to it by a device. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature on some microcontrollers is adigital-to-analog converter(DAC) that allows the processor to output analog signals or electric potential levels.Time Processing Unit(TPU) is a sophisticated timer. In addition to counting down, the TPU can detect input events, generate output events, and perform other useful operating rooms. A dedicatedPulse Width Modulation(PWM) block makes it possible for the CPU to control power converters,resistiveloads, pushs, etc., without using lots of CPU resources in tight timerloops.Higher integrationIn contrast to general-purpose CPUs, micro-controllers may not implement an external address or data bus as they integrate RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Using fewer pins, the chip can be p osition in a much smaller, cheaper package. A micro-controller is a singleintegrated circuit, commonly with the pastime features central processing unit ranging from small and simple 4-bitprocessors to complex 32- or 64-bit processors discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic state of an individual package pin.APPLICATION OF MICROCONTROLLER IN INSTRUMENTATION tend OF MICROCONTROLLER ground PROJECTS1. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE USING liquid crystal exhibitThe enter raises resemblance as you are travelling in metro train. It leave display three stations at liquid crystal display and a hoofer push to rotate clock or anti-clock wise.2. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED VOTING MACHINEThe suffrage system for four candidates with memory backup to restore the results to be viewed with password. nowadays-a-days Electronic voting machines are being used effectively. The confidence of the voter in its flawless functional is grad ually building up and these machines are thus becoming quite popular throughout the country. Features of the electronic voting machine include dodging of invalid votes and reduction of counting time and the consequent expenditure incurred on manpower deployment. By using the Microcontroller the voting machine can be built up easily and it will make simple to operate.3. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED TEXT EDITOR seed MOVING MESSAGE video displayThe see to it comprises 30 keys to turn off any message in English. wiz can restore the message in memory IC. The 16 characters at a time can be view in running mode.4. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED FULL FUNCTION STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLERThe project will operate the stepping force back labor in almost all modes viz. clock, anti -clock, fastnessand frequency control with time duration for both directions.5. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER CUM MOTOR PROTECTORIt can indicate the level and control the water ticker a t top level filling. The present archetype implements controlling of pump which pumps water from the sump (underground tank) to the everyplacehead tank, using 8951 microcontroller. The control panel, i.e. the main control unit of the system which consists of the primary control switches, pump indicant, siren and level indicators. The visual example of how switches And the indicators can be placed as shown the imagine below.6. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED SIMPLE STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLERA simple stepper labour controller circuit with direction change only. A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motors position can be controlled precisely without any feedback mechanism (see Open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, a nd generally are crockedd-loop commutated.)7. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED railroad car GEAR SHIFTING SYSTEMThe circuit shows the demo of auto teddy of cants using stepper motor with the change in speed of vehicle. One can change the speed of DC motor as actual vehicle running wheel. Motorcycle is widely used around the world and oddly in Pakistan. The gear shift system of the motorcycle is conventionally manual. This paper covers development of an indigenous automatic gear shifting/changing system for the standardized motorcycle. By this system the manual mechanical gear-shifting system will remain unchanged because an additional electro-mechanical system is placed on the vehicle to shift the gear and for automatic controlling the clutch. So the system has both the options manual as well as automatic. This system uses low-cost microcontrollers to make the accurate decision for shifting the gear up and down by observing the speed, and it controls the clutch contagious dise ase where necessary. The complete hardware and software has been tested and the functioning of the automatic gear shifting system is verified. This system is flexible and can be used with any motorcycle manufactured in Pakistan ranging from 50cc to 200cc.8. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED AUTO SPEED LIMITER WITH AUTO BREAKINGThe project is to read the rpm of an automobile and according to that it limits the speed as Speed governor. One can change the speed with variable control. This bulge can be used with the three phase Induction motors. The circuit will take the full control of the motor and it will protect the motor from several faults such us over voltage and under voltage and the circuit will switch on the motor under safety conditions. The circuit was fully controlled by the microcontroller and the microcontroller wills continuously monitors the voltages of the three phases and if the voltage goes abnormal then it will switch off the motor until they are normal. All the cond itions are displayed it over the liquid crystal display display. In our project we are using the popular 8 bit microcontroller AT89S52. It is a 40 pin microcontroller.9. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED FASTEST FINGER kickoffUseful for Quiz games, dumb charades. It displays the player no. along with the beep for seven players.10. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED TEMPERATURE METERIt will display the room temperature on LCD and one can set the desired value to indicate the alarm or control at a desired temperature. It uses an ADC to interface with LM-35 sensor.11. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED invisible REMOTE CONTROLLEDSWITCH BOARDOne can operate (on/off) four electrical devices with TV remote synchronized with circuit independently.12. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED RANK DISPLAY SYSTEM FOR RACE QUIZ COMPETITION WITH LCDIt can resolve the time difference (may be few milliseconds) and indicate the correct ranking between the individuals denoted A to H13. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED AUTO SPEED LIMITER/GOVERNERWITH AUTO BREAKINGThe project is to read the rpm of a automobile and according to that it limits the speed as Speed Governor. One can change the speed with variable control.14. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED LINE FOLLOWER ROBOTA Robotic car that follows the black force at the floor area establish on IR sensors with transmitters and receivers.15. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED YES MASTER FOLLOWERA robotic car that follows his master who is sending an IR transmission always.16. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED VOLTAGE/ POWER FACTOR /FREQUENCY METERThe project checks the electrical input factors as multifunction meter.17. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED RFID ATTENDENCE MONITORThe project will show the names of person who had pressed the RFID key on LCD. One can use DATA encoder/decoder circuit.18. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED FREQUENCY COUNTER USINGLCDThe project will check the unknown frequency input up to 200 KHz. And display at LCD.19. TRAFFIC SIGNAL CON TROL TRAFFIC homoIt can actually control traffic with lights and humanoid robot police man rotating in all directions with hand movements for sojourn and go actions. This is a project comprises dickens stepper motors to perform the action.20. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED IR WIRELESS FREQUENCYCOUNTERThe project will check the unknown frequency input up to 200KHz. Coming from an IR source and display at LCD.21. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED COUNTDOWN TIMERThe project performs the countdown operation for up to -99 minutes with two seven segments display show actual time left to activate or de-activate the connected relay.22. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED TEMPERATURE INDICATORThe temperature of room can be displayed at LCD using a sensitive device DS 1621.23. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED ALARM CLOCKThe unit display the time in Hr. Min. and one can set the alarm also for a desired time at Seven segment display.24. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED VEHICLE SPEEDOMETER CUM ODOMETERThe project comprises a dc motor speed controller circuit with reed sensor. It is being detected by this and displays the same at LCD in form of speed KmHr. and also display the distance covered by the vehicle.DETAIL OF SOME APPLICATIONMicrocontroller based Electronic Governor and Control System of a Mini-hydro Power Plant- This project is absolute requirement to develop small-scale power plants. The idea is set forth in the introduction. Then there are some details about the functionality of the system. That is described in both drug user aspect and technical aspect. The idea will lead to fully automated power plants with remote access, while it is lower cost. Some attractive future development proposals will be at the end of the technical details.INTRODUCTIONIn brief our project is an Microcontroller based Electronic Governor Control System for Mini Hydro Power Plant. The courses of selecting this project were the expanding the features of the presently available mecha nical governor systems and improve the remote controllability of the system in user-friendly manner. In this invention we selected specific mini hydro plant to consideration because of several limitations. The governor of a mini-hydro power plant considers as a heart of the system. It controls the output power and makesthe generator frequency up to the grid frequency by utilizing the available water supply to the turbine. Those operations are achieved by controlling the gate valves of the turbine. around all the turbine units use this method of control and it comprises of a mechanical actuator and electrical control device to give the desired reign signals to the actuator to open or close valves appropriately. Commercially available electronic governors are very expensive. It is very difficult to find a suitable commercial product for a particular power plant and not easy to tune them to reach the best operating condition. Therefore our main focus was to implement an electronic go vernor system for a user specific circumstance. So the initial stage, we studied the entire control system of a mini-hydro power plant that is situated at Niriella. Then we unflinching to develop this electronic governor system using newly promoted micro-controller technology. Other than the basic governor operations we implemented several new features. To interact with the micro-controller some of the electronic devices were re-implemented.BASIC OPERATIONAlthough its called an Electronic governor control system, it consists of some plant automating functions as well. All those functions can be categorized as follows. kickoff and shutting down sequences of the plant. Frequency controlling until the generator is synchronized with the national grid. manual and automatic control of the power output. Quick safety actions in sinister faulty conditions.FUNCTIONAL UNITSThe entire system is an integration of several functional units. The system software controls those units.1. Generator Frequency antipathetic2. Grid Frequency Counter3. Water Level Sensor4. Valve Position Sensor5. Stepper Motor Driver6. Emergency Circuit Breaker unit7. Main BoardLCD interfacing with MicrocontrollersIntroductionThe most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachis HD44780 controller. In this we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming, special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can give a new look to your application.Pin renderingThe most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 charachers, whereas LCDs supporting more than 80 characters .Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections).Keypad circuit diagramUsually these days you will find single controller LCD modu les are used more in the market. So in the tutorial we will discuss more about the single controller LCD, the operation and everything else is same for the double controller too. permits take a look at the basic entropy which is there in every LCD.LCD Initializationin the beginning using the LCD for display purpose, LCD has to be initialized either by the internal reset circuit or sending set of commands to initialize the LCD. It is the user who has to decide whether an LCD has to be initialized by instructions or by internal reset circuit. We will discuss both ways of initialization one by one.Initialization by instructionsInitializing LCD with instructions is really simple. Given below is a flowchart that describes the step to follow, to initialize the LCD.LCD initialization flow chartFigure 8 Flow chart for LCD initializationAs you can see from the flow chart, the LCD is initialized in the following sequence1) Send command 0x30 Using 8-bit interface2) Delay 20ms3) Send comman d 0x30 8-bit interface4) Delay 20ms5) Send command 0x30 8-bit interface6)Delay 20ms7) Send conk set see Table 4 for more information8)Display Clear command9) Set entry mode command explained belowThe first 3 commands are usually not required but are recommended when you are using 4-bit interface. So you can program the LCD starting from step 7 when working with 8-bit interface.Programming example for LCD InitializationCODELCD_data equ P2 LCD Data portLCD_D7 equ P2.7 LCD D7/Busy FlagLCD_rs equ P1.0 LCD Register appointLCD_rw equ P1.1 LCD Read/WriteLCD_en equ P1.2 LCD EnableLCD_init mov LCD_data,38H Function set 2 Line, 8-bit, 57 dots clr LCD_rs clr LCD_rw We are writing in instruction register setb LCD_en clr LCD_en acall LCD_busy appear for LCD to process the command mov LCD_data,0FH Display on, Curson blinking command clr LCD_rs clr LCD_rw We are writing in instruction register setb LCD_en clr LCD_en acall LCD_busy Wait for LCD to process the command mov LCD_data,01H Clear LCD clr LCD_rs clr LCD_rw We are writing in instruction register setb LCD_en clr LCD_en acall LCD_busy Wait for LCD to process the command mov LCD_data,06H Entry mode, auto increment with no shift clr LCD_rs Selected command register clr LCD_rw We are writing in instruction register setb LCD_en clr LCD_en acall LCD_busy Wait for LCD to process the command ret Digital Countdown timer (AT89C2051)A simple count-down LED timer that counts in minutes and seconds. Three buttons below the LED provide control of the unit, allowing you set the desired countdown time in minutes and seconds and a start/stop button. Completion of the countdown is indicated by an alarm that starts when the countdown has finished and the display reads zero. The alarm is stopped by pressing the start/stop button.Circuit diagram-countAUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKERAUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER starts following the SUN right from dawn, throughout the day, till evening, and starts all over over again from dawn nigh day. On cloudy weathers, it remains still and catches the SUN again as it slips out of clouds. It does all this automatically, employs cheap and inexpensive components, and is very accurate. Let us see how it does all this. There are three Electronic Modules to be explained. First one is the HORIZONTAL SENSOR MODULE. It employs the timer 555 in the MONOSTABLE MODE. trammel 2(Trigger Pin of 555) is hooked up with a VOLTAGE rail-splitter NETWORK (PLEASE see FIGURE 2). PIN 4(Reset) is hooked up with ANOTHER VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK.Fig 1 Block diagram of the tracker following the sun all throughFig 1 Block diagram of the tracker following the sun all throughfig 4 Stepper motor control boardFig Stepper motor control boardI have only shown the Horizontal Motor Control Circuit. The Vertical One uses a similar Decade Counter, NPN Transistors, and Diodes (to encounter BACK EMF of Power Transistors due to Fast Switching). I chose for a Steep Angle of 2 Degrees for the Unipolar Steppers. They are driven in a Normal 4 Step grade, first coil A is energised simultaneously with coil B, then coil C with coil D. Thus the Motors rotate by 2 degrees each time. The Charging Interval is almost in synchronisation with the steps/second speed of the motors, to avoid false triggering.STEPPER MOTORIntroductionThis section will explain you everything that you pick out to know about stepper motors. Stepper motors can be used in various areas of your microcontroller projects such as making robots, robotic arm, automatic door lock system etc. This tutorial will explain you construction of stepper motors, basic principal, different controlling types (Half step and Full step), Interfacing Techniques (using L293D or ULN2003) and programming your microcontroller in C and assembly to control stepper motor.Unipolar stepper motorThe unipolar stepper motor has five or six wires and four coils (actually two coils divided by total connections on each coil). The centre connections of the coils are tied together and used as the power connection. They are called unipolar steppers because power always comes in on this one pole.Bipolar stepper motorThe bipolar stepper motor usually has four wires coming out of it. Unlike unipolar steppers, bipolar steppers have no common centre connection. They have two independent sets of coils instead. You can distinguish them from unipolar steppers by measuring the resistance between the wires. You should find two pairs of wires with equal resistance. If youve got the leads of your meter connected to two wires that are not connected (i.e. not attached to the same coil), you should see infinite resistance (or no continuity).As already said, we will talk mostly on Unipolar stepper motors which is most common type of stepper motor available in the market. A simple example of 6 lead step motor is given below and in 5 lead step motor wire 5 and 6 are joined together to make 1 wire as common.Unipolar stepper motor coilsWorking of Stepper MotorNow lets discuss the operation principal of a stepper motor. When we energize a coil of Stepper motor, the shaft of stepper motor (which is actually a permanent magnet) align itself according to poles of energized coil. So when motor coils are energized in a particular sequence, motor shaft tend to align itself according to pole of coils and therefrom rotates. A small example of energizing operation is given below.working principal of stepper motorYou can see in the example, when coil A is energized, A north-south polarity is generated at A+A as shown in the figure above and magnetic shaft automatically align itself according to the poles generated. When the next coil is energized the shaft again aligns itself and takes a step. Hence , the working principal.working principal of stepper motorWe have seen that to make the stepper motor work, we need to energize coil in a sequence. The explanation and generation of the sequence is explained in the next section of the tutorial.Stepper Motor interfacing with Microcontrollers Programming Stepper motorProgramming Full step SequenceI am assuming that stepper motor is connected at Port 1.0 to Port 1.3. Adjusting the handle will increase or decrease the speed of the motor. Here just for demonstration i have taken some delay, you can change it as you want. org 0Hstepper equ P1main mov stepper, 0CH acall delay mov stepper, 06H acall delay mov stepper, 03H acall delay mov stepper, 09H acall delay sjmp maindelay mov r7,4wait2 mov r6,0FFHwait1 mov r5,0FFHwait djnz r5,wait djnz r6,wait1 djnz r7,wait2 ret endThe working of the above code can be seen in the demo animation below.unipolar stepper motor in full step sequenceProgramming Half step SequenceAssembly Programming Here also the main routine changes rest everything remains same.CODEmain mov stepper, 08H acall delay mov stepper, 0CH acall delay mov stepper, 04H acall delay mov stepper, 06H acall delay mov stepper, 02H acall delay mov stepper, 03H acall delay mov stepper, 01H acall delay mov stepper, 09H acall delay sjmp mainThe working of the above code can be seen in the demo animation below.unipolar stepper motor in half step sequenceWater level indicator cum controllerWater level indicator is which pumps water from the sump (unrepresented concept implements controlling of pump reground tank) to the overhead tank, using 8951 microcontroller. The control panel i.e. the main control unit of the system which consists of the primary control switches, pump indicator, siren and level indicators. The visual example of how switches. And the indicators can be placed as shown the figure below.Front view of the modelFront view of the modelIn the figure shown above there are total of nine LEDs, four of which indicates the wa ter level in the tank, another four indicates the water level in the sump and one LED indicates whether the pump is ON/OFF. It also consists of three switches.1. Switch 1 is the main power switch which is used to activate the system.2. Switch 2 is used to select whether to operate the pump in AUTO or manual mode.3. Switch 3 comes to picture only when the system is operated in MANUAL mode. It controls the direct activation of the pump.Description This system is built around an 8951 microcontroller and the circuit diagram is as given below.Circuit diagram of Water level indicator cum controllerAs you can see in the above diagram, port 0 is exclusively used as an input port which takes the information regarding the water level in the sump as well as in the overhead tank.Port 1 is used as output port which is connected to the indicator that indicates the water level in both the tanks.Port 2 is used as in/out port, it takes the input from switch 2 and switches 3 and gives the output whi ch is connected to pump indicator, siren and the relay which controls the switching of the pump.Working of the systemThere are two modes of working for the system1. Manual mode2. Auto modeManual modeWhen the system is active and in manual mode, it only indicates the water levels in the tanks and it doesnt control any working of the pump. To activate the pump in manual mode switch 3 is used. In this mode the operator should manually control the working of the pump. As in case if the tank is full, operator should switch of the pump which is not the case when compared to auto mode.Auto modeWhen the system is active and in auto mode, it only indicates the water levels in the tanks and it controls the working of the pump.Conclusion This is the easiest way to make the Host Computer to pin connection. The next step is actually using this connection to transfer programs to the internal memory and to receive debug information through the IC. Microcontrollers are used in automatically contro lled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.